functioning of the heart

1. (човешка) activity, activities, work

обществена дейност public/social work/activities

политическа/търговска/революционна/терористична/подривна дейност political/business/revolutionary/terrorist/subversive activities

писателска дейност a writing career/life

стопанска дейност economic activity

ограничавам дейността на restrict s.o.'s activities

2. (на комисия и пр.) proceedings

3. (на орган, природна сила) activity, action, сърдечна дейност action/functioning of the heart

вулканична/сеизмична дейност volcanic/seismic action

* * *

дѐйност,

ж., -и 1. ( човешка) activity, activities, work; обществена \дейност public/social work/activities; писателска \дейност writing career/life; стопанска \дейност economic activity;

2. (на комисия и пр.) proceedings;

3. (на орган, природна сила) activity, action; вулканична/сеизмична \дейност volcanic/seismic action; сърдечна \дейност action/functioning of the heart.

* * *

action ; activity: economic дейност - стопанска дейност

* * *

1. activities pl., activity, work

2. ( занятие) occupation

3. operation

1) ( функціонування чогось) activity, action, operation

2) ( дії людей) activities pl; ( вид діяльності) occupation, work

- mieć dużo pracy to have a lot of work (to do)

- jest jeszcze dużo pracy there’s still a lot of work to be done

- zabrać się a. wziąć się do pracy to set to a. get down to a. go to work

- przykładać się do pracy to apply oneself to one’s work

- przerwać pracę (zastrajkować) to come out a. go (out) on strike

- włożyć w coś wiele pracy to put a lot of work into sth

- dojść do majątku (własną) pracą to get wealthy through one’s own efforts

- wszystko osiągnął ciężką pracą he owes everything to his own hard work

- cała jego praca poszła na marne all his work came to naught a. went down the drain pot.

- (jego) praca nad filmem/nową rolą (his) work on a film/a new role

- praca przy a. na komputerze/taśmie work on the computer/the production line

- praca z dziećmi upośledzonymi umysłowo work with mentally handicapped children

- praca z młodzieżą youth work

- praca fizyczna physical work, manual labour

- praca umysłowa (urzędnicza) white-collar work; (intelektualna) intellectual work

- praca zarobkowa paid work, gainful employment

- praca badawcza research work

- praca społeczna voluntary a. community work

- praca polityczna political activity

- praca charytatywna charity work

- praca papierkowa paperwork

- praca niewolnicza slave labour

- praca ponad siły superhuman work

- praca zespołowa team work

- praca w grupach group work

- praca wykonywana z zamiłowaniem a labour of love

- człowiek pracy a working man

- świat pracy the working classes, the world of work

- narzędzia pracy tools; przen. the tools of the trade

- nawał a. ogrom pracy pressure of work

- podział pracy Ekon. the division of labour

- tempo pracy the pace of work

- wypadek przy pracy an accident at work; an industrial accident; przen. a mishap; a slip-up pot.

- mieć pracę to be in work, to have a job

- nie mieć pracy to be out of work a. out of a job

- szukać pracy to look a. to be looking for work a. a job, to job-hunt

- iść do pracy (zacząć zarabiać) to begin a. start work

- rozpoczynać/kończyć pracę to begin a. start/finish work

- dostać/stracić pracę to get/lose a job

- zmienić pracę to change jobs

- żyć z pracy własnych rąk to earn one’s living by honest work

- dać komuś pracę to give sb work a. a job

- zwolnić kogoś z pracy to give sb (their) notice, to dismiss sb

- podziękować komuś za pracę to let sb go euf.

- praca w pełnym/niepełnym wymiarze godzin a full-time/a part-time job

- praca w systemie zmianowym shift work

- praca etatowa/stała a permanent/a steady job

- praca dorywcza (fizyczna) an odd job, casual work; (biurowa) a temping job

- praca sezonowa seasonal work

- praca sezonowa przy zbiorze truskawek seasonal work as a strawberry picker

- praca wakacyjna a holiday job

- praca dodatkowa an extra job

- praca na akord piecework

- praca zlecona a. na zlecenie contract work

- dorabiał do pensji pracami zleconymi he supplemented his income with contract work

- praca na własny rachunek self-employment

- praca zawodowa career

- praca zawodowa przy domowym terminalu telecommuting

- praca z utrzymaniem a live-in job, work with bed and board

- dobrze płatna praca a well-paid job

- ciągłość pracy continuity of employment

- staż pracy seniority, length of service

- długi/krótki staż pracy long/short service

- czas pracy working time a. hours

- ruchomy czas pracy flexitime

- skrócony czas pracy short time

- dzień pracy a working day

- dzień wolny od pracy a holiday

- godziny pracy (pracownika) working hours; (biura, sklepu) business hours

- miejsce pracy work(place)

- tworzenie nowych miejsc pracy job creation

- rynek pracy the labour market

- zakład pracy workplace

- umowa o pracę contract of employment, employment contract

- nagroda za 10 lat pracy a bonus for 10 years of service

- być w pracy to be at work

- pójść/przyjść do pracy to go/come to work

- jeszcze nie wrócił (do domu) z pracy he’s not home from work yet

- ona zawsze spóźnia się do pracy she’s always late for work

- nie dzwoń do mnie do pracy don’t phone me at work

- koledzy/koleżanki z pracy colleagues from work, fellow workers, workmates

- nieobecność w pracy absence from work

- praca monograficzna a monograph

- praca źródłowa a study based on sources a. on source materials

- praca o muzyce/sztuce a. na temat muzyki/sztuki a work on a. about music/art

- praca z (zakresu a. dziedziny) genetyki a work on genetics

- napisać/ogłosić pracę z zakresu fizyki to write/publish a paper on physics

- wystawa prac młodych artystów an exhibition of work(s) by young artists

- na konkurs zgłoszono 20 prac there were 20 entries for the competition

- praca domowa homework

- odrabiać pracę domową to do homework

- zadać uczniom pracę domową to give pupils homework a. an assignment US

- praca klasowa a class test

- praca semestralna a term a. an end-of-term paper

- praca egzaminacyjna an examination paper a. script

- praca dyplomowa/magisterska a Bachelor’s dissertation/a Master’s dissertation a. master’s thesis

- praca doktorska/habilitacyjna a doctoral/a postdoctoral dissertation

- praca pisemna z języka polskiego a Polish essay

- poprawiać prace studentów to mark students’ work

- praca serca the action of the heart

- zatrzymanie pracy serca cardiac arrest

- praca mięśni the work of the muscles

- praca nerek the functioning of the kidneys

- praca nóg Sport footwork

- praca umysłu ludzkiego the workings of the human mind

- praca maszyny/silnika the work a. operation of a machine/an engine

- praca bez zakłóceń smooth running

- tryb pracy (urządzenia) a mode

- sterowanie pracami job control

- język sterowania pracami job control language

- kolejka prac a job queue

- jednostka pracy unit of work

- prace badawcze/badawczo-rozwojowe research/research and development work

- prace przygotowawcze/wykończeniowe preparatory/completion work

- prace murarskie/transportowe masonry a. bricklaying work/transport

- prace remontowe/restauracyjne repair/restoration work

- prace polowe/żniwne work in the field/harvesting

- prace budowlane building work(s)

- prace ziemne earthworks

- prace budowlane jeszcze trwają the building work is still going on a. in progress

- □ praca mechaniczna Techn. mechanical work także przen.

- praca nakładcza outwork

- praca nieprodukcyjna Ekon. non-productive labour

- praca organiczna Hist. ≈ organic work (a programme of economic and cultural development, launched by the Polish positivists)

- praca produkcyjna Ekon. productive labour

- praca u podstaw Hist. ≈ work at the grass roots (a programme of spreading literacy and popularizing science among the masses, launched by the Polish positivists)

- prace domowe housework

- prace ręczne Szkol. handicrafts

■ praca benedyktyńska książk. painstaking work

- praca herkulesowa a Herculean task

- praca syzyfowa książk. Sisyphean task a. labours

- cześć pracy! pot. (pożegnanie) cheerio! pot.; (powitanie) howdy! US pot.

- bez pracy nie ma kołaczy przysł. no gains without pains

- cierpliwością i pracą ludzie się bogacą przysł. all things come to those who wait przysł.

- jaka praca, taka płaca przysł. ≈ you only get paid for what you do

- żadna praca nie hańbi przysł. ≈ honest work is nothing to be ashamed of

- praca nie zając, nie ucieknie pot. work can wait

νόμος, ου, ὁ (νέμω; [Zenodotus reads ν. in Od. 1, 3] Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.—On the history of the word MPohlenz, Nomos: Philol 97, ’48, 135–42; GShipp, Nomos ‘Law’ ’78; MOstwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of Athenian Democracy ’69). The primary mng. relates to that which is conceived as standard or generally recognized rules of civilized conduct esp. as sanctioned by tradition (Pind., Fgm. 152, 1=169 Schr. νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς; cp. SEG XVII, 755, 16: Domitian is concerned about oppressive practices hardening into ‘custom’; MGigante, ΝΟΜΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [Richerche filologiche 1] ’56). The synonym ἔθος (cp. συνήθεια) denotes that which is habitual or customary, especially in reference to personal behavior. In addition to rules that take hold through tradition, the state or other legislating body may enact ordinances that are recognized by all concerned and in turn become legal tradition. A special semantic problem for modern readers encountering the term ν. is the general tendency to confine the usage of the term ‘law’ to codified statutes. Such limitation has led to much fruitless debate in the history of NT interpretation.—HRemus, Sciences Religieuses/Studies in Religion 13, ’84, 5–18; ASegal, Torah and Nomos in Recent Scholarly Discussion, ibid., 19–27.

① a procedure or practice that has taken hold, a custom, rule, principle, norm (Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 93 D² of the tune that the bird sings; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 49 Harder [1926] τῆς φύσεως νόμος; Appian, Basil. 1 §2 πολέμου ν., Bell. Civ. 5, 44 §186 ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ σοῦ νόμου=under this rule of yours that governs action; Polyaenus 5, 5, 3 ν. πόμπης; 7, 11, 6 ν. φιλίας; Sextus 123 τοῦ βίου νόμος; Just., A II, 2, 4 παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως ν.; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως; 13, 1 θυσιῶν νόμῳ)

ⓐ gener. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης in accordance w. the rule of an external commandment Hb 7:16. εὑρίσκω τὸν νόμον I observe an established procedure or principle or system Ro 7:21 (ν. as ‘principle’, i.e. an unwritten rightness of things Soph., Ant. 908). According to Bauer, Paul uses the expression νόμος (which dominates this context) in cases in which he prob. would have preferred another word. But it is also prob. that Paul purposely engages in wordplay to heighten the predicament of those who do not rely on the gospel of liberation from legal constraint: the Apostle speaks of a principle that obligates one to observe a code of conduct that any sensible pers. would recognize as sound and valid ὁ νόμος τ. νοός μου vs. 23b (s. νοῦς 1a). Engaged in a bitter struggle w. this νόμος there is a ἕτερος νόμος which, in contrast to the νοῦς, dwells ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου in my (physical) members vs. 23a, and hence is a νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας vs. 23c and 25b or a νόμος τ. ἁμαρτίας καὶ τ. θανάτου 8:2b. This sense prepares the way for the specific perspective

ⓑ of life under the lordship of Jesus Christ as a ‘new law’ or ‘system’ of conduct that constitutes an unwritten tradition ὁ καινὸς ν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 2:6; in brief ν. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IMg 2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4; 43, 1; Mel., P. 7, 46). Beginnings of this terminology as early as Paul: ὁ ν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ =the standard set by Christ Gal 6:2 (as vs. 3 intimates, Christ permitted himself to be reduced to nothing, thereby setting the standard for not thinking oneself to be someth.). The gospel is a νόμος πίστεως a law or system requiring faith Ro 3:27b (FGerhard, TZ 10, ’54, 401–17) or ὁ ν. τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰ. the law of the spirit (=the spirit-code) of life in Chr. J. 8:2a. In the same sense Js speaks of a ν. βασιλικός (s. βασιλικός) 2:8 or ν. ἐλευθερίας vs. 12 (λόγος ἐλ. P⁷⁴), ν. τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1:25 (association w. 1QS 10:6, 8, 11 made by EStauffer, TLZ 77, ’52, 527–32, is rejected by SNötscher, Biblica 34, ’53, 193f. On the theme of spontaneous moral achievement cp. Pind., Fgm. 152 [169 Schr.] 1f νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς | θνατῶν τε καὶ ἀθανάτων | ἄγει δικαιῶν τὸ βιαιότατον| ὑπερτάτᾳ χειρί=custom is lord of all, of mortals and immortals both, and with strong hand directs the utmost power of the just. Plut., Mor. 780c interprets Pindar’s use of νόμος: ‘not written externally in books or on some wooden tablets, but as lively reason functioning within him’ ἔμψυχος ὢν ἐν αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Aristot., EN 4, 8, 10 οἷον ν. ὢν ἑαυτῷ; Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος; cp. also Ovid, Met. 1, 90 sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat; Mayor, comm. ‘Notes’ 73.—RHirzel, ΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ 1903.). Some would put ὁ νόμος Js 2:9 here (s. LAllevi, Scuola Cattol. 67, ’39, 529–42), but s. 2b below.—Hermas too, who in part interprets Israel’s legal tradition as referring to Christians, sees the gospel, exhibited in Christ’s life and words, as the ultimate expression of God’s will or ‘law’. He says of Christ δοὺς αὐτοῖς (i.e. the believers) τὸν ν., ὅν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Hs 5, 6, 3, cp. Hs 8, 3, 3. Or he sees in the υἱὸς θεοῦ κηρυχθεὶς εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, i.e. the preaching about the Son of God to the ends of the earth, the νόμος θεοῦ ὁ δοθεὶς εἰς ὅλον. τ. κόσμον 8, 3, 2. Similarly to be understood are τηρεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 3, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. παθεῖν 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. θλίβεσθαι 8, 3, 7. ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν νόμον ibid. βλασφημεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 6, 2.

② constitutional or statutory legal system, law

ⓐ gener.: by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ν. τῆς πόλεως the law of the city enforced by the ruler of the city (ν. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτός Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 2); the penalty for breaking it is banishment Hs 1:5f. τοῖς ν. χρῆσθαι observe the laws 1:3; πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὡρισμένοις ν. obey the established laws Dg 5:10; νικᾶν τοὺς ν. ibid. (νικάω 3). Ro 7:1f, as well as the gnomic saying Ro 4:15b and 5:13b, have been thought by some (e.g. BWeiss, Jülicher) to refer to Roman law, but more likely the Mosaic law is meant (s. 3 below).

ⓑ specifically: of the law that Moses received from God and is the standard according to which membership in the people of Israel is determined (Diod S 1, 94, 1; 2: the lawgiver Mneves receives the law from Hermes, Minos from Zeus, Lycurgus from Apollo, Zarathustra from the ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, Zalmoxis from Hestia; παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, Μωϋσῆς receives the law from the Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενος θεός) ὁ ν. Μωϋσέως Lk 2:22; J 7:23; Ac 15:5. ν. Μωϋσέως Ac 13:38; Hb 10:28. Also ὁ ν. κυρίου Lk 2:23f, 39; GJs 14:1. ὁ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ (Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 4]) Mt 15:6 v.l.; Ro 8:7 (cp. Tat. 7, 2; 32, 1; Ath. 3:2). ὁ ν. ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν etc. J 18:31; 19:7b v.l.; Ac 25:8. κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον ν. 24:6 v.l. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 131). ὁ πατρῷος ν. 22:3. τὸν ν. τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15. Since the context of Ac 23:29 ἐγκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν points to the intimate connection between belief, cult, and communal solidarity in Judean tradition, the term νόμος is best rendered with an hendiadys: (charged in matters) relating to their belief and custom; cp. ν. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς 18:15. Ro 9:31 (CRhyne, Νόμος Δικαιοσύνης and the meaning of Ro 10:4: CBQ 47, ’85, 486–99).—Abs., without further qualification ὁ ν. Mt 22:36; 23:23; Lk 2:27; J 1:17; Ac 6:13; 7:53; 21:20, 28; Ro 2:15 (τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου the work of the law [=the moral product that the Mosaic code requires] is written in the heart; difft. Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος, s. 1b, above), 18, 20, 23b, 26; 4:15a, 16; 7:1b, 4–7, 12, 14, 16; 8:3f; 1 Cor 15:56; Gal 3:12f, 17, 19, 21a, 24; 5:3, 14; 1 Ti 1:8 (GRudberg, ConNeot 7, ’42, 15); Hb 7:19 (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. ad loc.), 28a; 10:1; cp. Js 2:9 (s. 1b above); μετὰ τὸν ν. Hb 7:28b; οἱ ἐν τῷ ν. Ro 3:19; κατὰ τὸν ν. according to the (Mosaic) law (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51 al.; Just., D. 10, 1) J 19:7b; Ac 22:12; 23:3; Hb 7:5; 9:22. παρὰ τ. νόμον contrary to the law (Jos., Ant. 17, 151, C. Ap. 2, 219; Ath. 1, 3 παρὰ πάντα ν.) Ac 18:13.—νόμος without the art. in the same sense (on the attempt, beginning w. Origen, In Ep. ad Ro 3:7 ed. Lomm. VI 201, to establish a difference in mng. betw. Paul’s use of ὁ νόμος and νόμος s. B-D-F §258, 2; Rob. 796; Mlt-Turner 177; Grafe [s. 3b below] 7–11) Ro 2:13ab, 17, 23a, * 25a; 3:31ab; 5:13, 20; 7:1a (s. above); Gal 2:19b; 5:23 (JRobb, ET 56, ’45, 279f compares κατὰ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστι νόμος Aristot., Pol. 1284a). δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ … 1 Ti 1:9. Cp. ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος Ro 2:14 (in Pla., Pol. and in Stoic thought the wise person needed no commandment [Stoic. III 519], the bad one did; MPohlenz, Stoa ’48/49 I 133; II 75). Used w. prepositions: ἐκ ν. Ro 4:14; Gal 3:18, 21c (v.l. ἐν ν.); Phil 3:9 (ἐκ νόμου can also mean corresponding to or in conformity with the law: PRev 15, 11 ἐκ τῶν νόμων); cp. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου Ro 10:5. διὰ νόμου Ro 2:12b; 3:20b; 4:13; 7:7b; Gal 2:19a, 21; ἐν ν. (ἐν τῷ ν. Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 49, 9]) Ro 2:12a, 23; Gal 3:11, 21c v.l.; 5:4; Phil 3:6. κατὰ νόμον 3:5; Hb 8:4; 10:8 (make an offering κατὰ νόμον as Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4; 5, 8, 2); χωρὶς ν. Ro 3:21a; 7:8f; ἄχρι ν. 5:13a. ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14f; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:23; 4:4f, 21a; 5:18 (cp. Just., D. 45, 3 οἱ ὑπὸ τὸν ν.).—Dependent on an anarthrous noun παραβάτης νόμου a law-breaker Ro 2:25b ( 27b w. art.); Js 2:11. ποιητὴς ν. one who keeps the law 4:11d (w. art. Ro 2:13b). τέλος ν. the end of the law Ro 10:4 (RBultmann and HSchlier, Christus des Ges. Ende ’40). πλήρωμα ν. fulfilment of the law 13:10. ν. μετάθεσις a change in the law Hb 7:12. ἔργα ν. Ro 3:20a, 28; 9:32 v.l.; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10a.—(ὁ) ν. (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 7:22, 25a; 8:7 because it was given by God and accords w. his will. Lasting Mt 5:18; Lk 16:17 (cp. Bar 4:1; PsSol 10:4; Philo, Mos. 2, 14; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277).—Used w. verbs, w. or without the art.: ν. ἔχειν J 19:7a; Ro 2:14 (ApcSed 14:5). πληροῦν ν. fulfill the law Ro 13:8; pass. Gal 5:14 (Mel., P. 42, 291). πληροῦν τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ ν. fulfill the requirement of the law Ro 8:4. φυλάσσειν τὸν ν. observe the law Ac 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ ν. φυλάσσειν observe the precepts of the law Ro 2:26; διώκειν ν. δικαιοσύνης 9:31a; πράσσειν ν. 2:25a. ποιεῖν τὸν ν. J 7:19b; Gal 5:3; Ro 2:14b, s. below; τὸν ν. τηρεῖν Js 2:10. τὸν ν. τελεῖν Ro 2:27. φθάνειν εἰς ν. 9:31b. κατὰ ν. Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ζῆν IMg 8:1 v.l. is prob. a textual error (Pearson, Lghtf., Funk, Bihlmeyer, Hilgenfeld; Zahn, Ign. v. Ant. 1873 p. 354, 1 [difft. in Zahn’s edition] all omit νόμον as a gloss and are supported by the Latin versions; s. Hdb. ad loc.). τὰ τοῦ ν. ποιεῖν carry out the requirements of the law Ro 2:14b (ApcSed 14:5; FFlückiger, TZ 8, ’52, 17–42). καταλαλεῖν νόμου, κρίνειν ν. Js 4:11abc. ἐδόθη ν. Gal 3:21a.—Pl. διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν Hb 8:10; cp. 10:16 (both Jer 38:33).—Of an individual stipulation of the law ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός the law insofar as it concerns the husband (Aristot., Fgm. 184 R. νόμοι ἀνδρὸς καὶ γαμετῆς.—SIG 1198, 14 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐρανιστῶν; Num 9:12 ὁ ν. τοῦ πάσχα; Philo, Sobr. 49 ὁ ν. τῆς λέπρας) Ro 7:2b; cp. 7:3 and δέδεται νόμῳ vs. 2a (on the imagery Straub 94f); 1 Cor 7:39 v.l.—The law is personified, as it were (Demosth. 43, 59; Aeschin. 1, 18; Herm. Wr. 12, 4 [the law of punishment]; IMagnMai 92a, 11 ὁ ν. συντάσσει; b, 16 ὁ ν. ἀγορεύει; Jos., Ant. 3, 274) J 7:51; Ro 3:19.

③ a collection of holy writings precious to God’s people, sacred ordinance

ⓐ in the strict sense the law=the Pentateuch, the work of Moses the lawgiver (Diod S 40, 3, 6 προσγέγραπται τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τ. Ἰουδαίοις=at the end of the laws this is appended: this is what Moses heard from God and is telling to the Jews. ὁ διὰ τοῦ ν. μεταξὺ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων διαστείλας θεός Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; cp. Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1) τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου Gal 3:10b (cp. Dt 27:26). Also simply ὁ νόμος (Jos., Bell. 7, 162 ὁ ν. or 2, 229 ὁ ἱερὸς ν. of the holy book in a concrete sense) Mt 12:5 (Num 28:9f is meant); J 8:5; 1 Cor 9:8 (cp. Dt 25:4); 14:34 (cp. Gen 3:16); Gal 4:21b (the story of Abraham); Hb 9:19. ὁ ν. ὁ ὑμέτερος J 8:17 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Tat. 40, 1 κατὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ν.). ἐν Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται 1 Cor 9:9. καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου Lk 2:23 (γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ as Athen. 6, 27, 23c; IMagnMai 52, 35 [III B.C.]; Mel., P. 11, 71; cp. Just., D. 8, 4 τὰ ἐν τῷ ν. γεγραμμένα); cp. vs. 24. ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ J 1:45 (cp. Cercidas [III B.C.], Fgm. 1, 18f Diehl² [=Coll. Alex. p. 204, 29=Knox p. 196] καὶ τοῦθʼ Ὅμηρος εἶπεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι).—The Sacred Scriptures (OT) referred to as a whole in the phrase ὁ ν. καὶ οἱ προφῆται (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 6, 4; cp. Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 1) the law (הַתּוֹרָה) and the prophets (הַנְּבִיאִים) Mt 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk 16:16; Ac 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Ro 3:21b; cp. Dg 11:6; J 1:45. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ ν. Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς Lk 24:44.

ⓑ In a wider sense=Holy Scripture gener., on the principle that the most authoritative part gives its name to the whole (ὁ ν. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 15]): J 10:34 (Ps 81:6); 12:34 (Ps 109:4; Is 9:6; Da 7:14); 15:25 (Ps 34:19; 68:5); 1 Cor 14:21 (Is 28:11f); Ro 3:19 (preceded by a cluster of quotations fr. Psalms and prophets).—Mt 5:18; Lk 10:26; 16:17; J 7:49.—JHänel, Der Schriftbegriff Jesu 1919; OMichel, Pls u. s. Bibel 1929; SWesterholm, Studies in Religion 15, ’86, 327–36.—JMeinhold, Jesus u. das AT 1896; MKähler, Jesus u. das AT² 1896; AKlöpper, Z. Stellung Jesu gegenüber d. Mos. Gesetz, Mt 5:17–48: ZWT 39, 1896, 1–23; EKlostermann, Jesu Stellung z. AT 1904; AvHarnack, Hat Jesus das atl. Gesetz abgeschafft?: Aus Wissenschaft u. Leben II 1911, 225–36, SBBerlAk 1912, 184–207; KBenz, D. Stellung Jesu zum atl. Gesetz 1914; MGoguel, RHPR 7, 1927, 160ff; BBacon, Jesus and the Law: JBL 47, 1928, 203–31; BBranscomb, Jes. and the Law of Moses 1930; WKümmel, Jes. u. d. jüd. Traditionsged.: ZNW 33, ’34, 105–30; JHempel, D. synopt. Jesus u. d. AT: ZAW 56, ’38, 1–34.—Lk-Ac: JJervell, HTR 64, ’71, 21–36.—EGrafe, D. paulin. Lehre vom Gesetz² 1893; HCremer, D. paulin. Rechtfertigungslehre 1896, 84ff; 363ff; FSieffert, D. Entwicklungslinie d. paul. Gesetzeslehre: BWeiss Festschr. 1897, 332–57; WSlaten, The Qualitative Use of νόμος in the Pauline Ep.: AJT 23, 1919, 213ff; HMosbech, Pls’ Laere om Loven: TT 4/3, 1922, 108–37; 177–221; EBurton, ICC, Gal 1921, 443–60; PFeine, Theol. des NT⁶ ’34, 208–15 (lit.); PBenoit, La Loi et la Croix d’après S. Paul (Ro 7:7–8:4): RB 47, ’38, 481–509; CMaurer, D. Gesetzeslehre des Pls ’41; PBläser, D. Gesetz b. Pls ’41; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76; GBornkamm, Das Ende d. Gesetzes ’63; HRaisänen, Paul and the Law² ’87; PRichardson/SWesterholm, et al., Law in Religious Communities in the Rom. Period, ’91 (Torah and Nomos); MNobile, La Torà al tempo di Paolo, alcune ri-flessioni: Atti del IV simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo, ed. LPadovese ’96, 93–106 (lit. 93f, n. 1).—Dodd 25–41.—B. 1358; 1419; 1421. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. Schmidt, Syn. I 333–47. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ψυχή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+; ‘life, soul’) It is oft. impossible to draw hard and fast lines in the use of this multivalent word. Gen. it is used in ref. to dematerialized existence or being, but, apart fr. other data, the fact that ψ. is also a dog’s name suggests that the primary component is not metaphysical, s. SLonsdale, Greece and Rome 26, ’79, 146–59. Without ψ. a being, whether human or animal, consists merely of flesh and bones and without functioning capability. Speculations and views respecting the fortunes of ψ. and its relation to the body find varied expression in our lit.

① life on earth in its animating aspect making bodily function possible

ⓐ (breath of) life, life-principle, soul, of animals (Galen, Protr. 13 p. 42, 27 John; Gen 9:4) Rv 8:9. As a rule of human beings (Gen 35:18; 3 Km 17:21; ApcEsdr 5:13 λαμβάνει τὴν ψυχὴν the fetus in its sixth month) Ac 20:10. When it leaves the body death occurs Lk 12:20 (cp. Jos., C. Ap. 1, 164; on the theme cp. Pind., I. 1, 67f). The soul is delivered up to death (the pass. in ref. to divine initiative), i.e. into a condition in which it no longer makes contact with the physical structure it inhabited 1 Cl 16:13 (Is 53:12), whereupon it leaves the realm of earth and lives on in Hades (Lucian, Dial. Mort. 17, 2; Jos., Ant. 6, 332) Ac 2:27 (Ps 15:10), 31 v.l. or some other place outside the earth Rv 6:9; 20:4; ApcPt 10:25 (GrBar 10:5 τὸ πεδίον … οὗπερ ἔρχονται αἱ ψυχαὶ τῶν δικαίων; ApcEsdr 7:3 ἀπέρχεται εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν; Himerius, Or. 8 [23]: his consecrated son [παῖς ἱερός 7] Rufinus, when he dies, leaves his σῶμα to the death-daemon, while his ψυχή goes into οὐρανός, to live w. the gods 23).—B 5:13 (s. Ps 21:21).

ⓑ the condition of being alive, earthly life, life itself (Diod S 1, 25, 6 δοῦναι τὴν ψυχήν=give life back [to the dead Horus]; 3, 26, 2; 14, 65, 2; 16, 78, 5; Jos., Ant. 18, 358 σωτηρία τῆς ψυχῆς; 14, 67; s. Reader, Polemo 354 [reff.]) ζητεῖν τὴν ψυχήν τινος Mt 2:20 (cp. Ex 4:19); Ro 11:3 (3 Km 19:10, 14). δοῦναι τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ (cp. Eur., Phoen. 998) Mt 20:28; Mk 10:45; John says for this τιθέναι τὴν ψυχὴν J 10:11, 15, 17, (18); 13:37f; 15:13; 1J 3:16ab; παραδιδόναι Ac 15:26; Hs 9, 28, 2. παραβολεύεσθαι τῇ ψυχῇ Phil 2:30 (s. παραβολεύομαι). To love one’s own life (JosAs 13:1 ἐγὼ ἀγαπῶ αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τὴν ψυχήν μου) Rv 12:11; cp. B 1:4; 4:6; 19:5; D 2:7. Life as prolonged by nourishment Mt 6:25ab; Lk 12:22f. Cp. 14:26; Ac 20:24; 27:10, 22; 28:19 v.l.; Ro 16:4. S. also 2e below.

ⓒ by metonymy, that which possesses life/soul (cp. 3 below) ψυχὴ ζῶσα (s. Gen 1:24) a living creature Rv 16:3 v.l. for ζωῆς. Cp. ἐγένετο Ἀδὰμ εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν 1 Cor 15:45 (Gen 2:7. S. πνεῦμα 5f). ψυχὴ ζωῆς Rv 16:3.

② seat and center of the inner human life in its many and varied aspects, soul

ⓐ of the desire for luxurious living (cp. the OT expressions Ps 106:9 [=ParJer 9:20, but in sense of d below]; Pr 25:25; Is 29:8; 32:6; Bar 2:18b; PsSol 4:17. But also X., Cyr. 8, 7, 4; ins in CB I/2, 477 no. 343, 5 the soul as the seat of enjoyment of the good things in life) of the rich man ἐρῶ τῇ ψυχῇ μου• ψυχή, ἀναπαύου, φάγε, πίε, εὐφραίνου Lk 12:19 (cp. PsSol 5:12; Aelian, VH 1, 32 εὐφραίνειν τὴν ψυχήν; X., Cyr. 6, 2, 28 ἡ ψυχὴ ἀναπαύσεται.—The address to the ψυχή as PsSol 3, 1; Cyranides p. 41, 27). Cp. Rv 18:14.

ⓑ of evil desires (PsSol 4:13; Tat. 23, 2) 2 Cl 16:2; 17:7.

ⓒ of feelings and emotions (Anacr., Fgm. 4 Diehl² [15 Page]; Diod S 8, 32, 3; JosAs 6:1; SibOr 3, 558; Just., D. 2, 4; Mel., P. 18, 124 al.) περίλυπός ἐστιν ἡ ψυχή μου (cp. Ps 41:6, 12; 42:5) Mt 26:38; Mk 14:34. ἡ ψυχή μου τετάρακται J 12:27; cp. Ac 2:43 (s. 3 below).—Lk 1:46; 2:35; J 10:24; Ac 14:2, 22; 15:24; Ro 2:9; 1 Th 2:8 (τὰς ἑαυτῶν ψυχάς our hearts full of love); Hb 12:3; 2 Pt 2:8; 1 Cl 16:12 (Is 53:11); 23:3 (scriptural quot. of unknown origin); B 3:1, 5b (s. on these two passages Is 58:3, 5, 10b); 19:3; Hm 4, 2, 2; 8:10; Hs 1:8; 7:4; D 3:9ab. ἐμεγαλύνθη ἡ ψυχή μου GJs 5:2; 19:2 (s. μεγαλύνω 1). αὔξειν τὴν ψυχὴν τοῦ Παύλου AcPl Ha 6, 10. It is also said of God in the anthropomorphic manner of expr. used by the OT ὁ ἀγαπητός μου εἰς ὸ̔ν εὐδόκησεν ἡ ψυχή μου Mt 12:18 (cp. Is 42:1); cp. Hb 10:38 (Hab 2:4).—One is to love God ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ Mt 22:37; Lk 10:27. Also ἐξ ὅλης τῆς ψυχῆς (Dt 6:5; 10:12; 11:13) Mk 12:30, 33 v.l. (for ἰσχύος); Lk 10:27 v.l. (Epict. 2, 23, 42; 3, 22, 18; 4, 1, 131; M. Ant. 12, 29; Sextus 379.—X., Mem. 3, 11, 10 ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ). ἐκ ψυχῆς from the heart, gladly (Jos., Ant. 17, 177.—The usual form is ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς: X., An. 7, 7, 43, Apol. 18 al.; Theocr. 8, 35) Eph 6:6; Col 3:23; ἐκ ψυχῆς σου B 3:5a (Is 58:10a); 19:6. μιᾷ ψυχῇ with one mind (Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 30) Phil 1:27; cp. Ac 4:32 (on the combination w. καρδία s. that word 1bη and EpArist 17); 2 Cl 12:3 (s. 1 Ch 12:39b; Diog. L. 5, 20 ἐρωτηθεὶς τί ἐστι φίλος, ἔφη• μία ψυχὴ δύο σώμασιν ἐνοικοῦσα).

ⓓ as the seat and center of life that transcends the earthly (Pla., Phd. 28, 80ab; Paus. 4, 32, 4 ἀθάνατός ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου ψ.; Just., A I, 44, 9 περὶ ἀθανασίας ψυχῆς; Ath. 27, 2 ἀθάνατος οὖσα. Opp. Tat. 13, 1, who argues the state of the ψ. before the final judgment and states that it is not immortal per se but experiences the fate of the body οὐκ ἔστιν ἀθάνατος). As such it can receive divine salvation σῴζου σὺ καὶ ἡ ψυχή σου be saved, you and your soul Agr 5 (Unknown Sayings 61–64). σῴζειν τὰς ψυχάς Js 1:21. ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου 5:20; cp. B 19:10; Hs 6, 1, 1 (on death of the ψ. s. Achilles Tat. 7, 5, 3 τέθνηκας θάνατον διπλοῦν, ψυχῆς κ. σώματος). σωτηρία ψυχῶν 1 Pt 1:9. περιποίησις ψυχῆς Hb 10:39. It can also be lost 2 Cl 15:1; B 20:1; Hs 9, 26, 3. Humans cannot injure it, but God can hand it over to destruction Mt 10:28ab; AcPl Ha 1, 4. ζημιωθῆναι τὴν ψυχήν (ζημιόω 1) Mt 16:26a; Mk 8:36 (FGrant, Introd. to NT Thought, ’50, 162); 2 Cl 6:2. There is nothing more precious than ψυχή in this sense Mt 16:26b; Mk 8:37. It stands in contrast to σῶμα, in so far as that is σάρξ (cp. Ar. 15, 7 οὐ κατὰ σάρκα … ἀλλὰ κατὰ ψυχήν; Tat. 15, 1 οὔτε … χωρὶς σώματος; Ath. 1, 4 τὰ σώματα καὶ τὰς ψυχάς; SIG 383, 42 [I B.C.]) Dg 6:1–9. The believer’s soul knows God 2 Cl 17:1. One Christian expresses the hope that all is well w. another’s soul 3J 2 (s. εὐοδόω). For the soul of the Christian is subject to temptations 1 Pt 2:11 and 2 Pt 2:14; longs for rest Mt 11:29 (ParJer 5:32 ὁ θεὸς … ἡ ἀνάπαυσις τῶν ψυχῶν); and must be purified 1 Pt 1:22 (cp. Jer 6:16). The soul must be entrusted to God 1 Pt 4:19; cp. 1 Cl 27:1. Christ is its ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος (s. ἐπίσκοπος 1) 1 Pt 2:25; its ἀρχιερεὺς καὶ προστάτης 1 Cl 61:3; its σωτήρ MPol 19:2. Apostles and congregational leaders are concerned about the souls of the believers 2 Cor 12:15; Hb 13:17. The Christian hope is called the anchor of the soul 6:19. Paul calls God as a witness against his soul; if he is lying, he will forfeit his salvation 2 Cor 1:23.—Also life of this same eternal kind κτήσεσθε τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν you will gain (real) life for yourselves Lk 21:19.

ⓔ Since the soul is the center of both the earthly (1a) and the transcendent (2d) life, pers. can find themselves facing the question concerning the wish to ensure it for themselves: ὸ̔ς ἐὰν θέλῃ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ σῶσαι, ἀπολέσει αὐτὴν• ὸ̔ς δʼ ἂν ἀπολέσει τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ, σώσει αὐτήν Mk 8:35. Cp. Mt 10:39; 16:25; Lk 9:24; 17:33; J 12:25. The contrast betw. τὴν ψυχὴν εὑρεῖν and ἀπολέσαι is found in Mt 10:39ab (s. HGrimme, BZ 23, ’35, 263f); 16:25b; σῶσαι and ἀπολέσαι vs. 25a; Mk 8:35ab; Lk 9:24ab; περιποιήσασθαι, ζῳογονῆσαι and ἀπολέσαι 17:33; φιλεῖν and ἀπολλύναι J 12:25a; μισεῖν and φυλάσσειν vs. 25b.

ⓕ On the combination of ψυχή and πνεῦμα in 1 Th 5:23; Hb 4:12 (Just., D. 6, 2; Tat. 15, 1 χρὴ … ζευγνύναι … τὴν ψυχὴν τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ) s. πνεῦμα 3a, end.—A-JFestugière, L’idéal religieux des Grecs et l’Évangile ’32, 212–17.—A unique combination is … σωμάτων, καὶ ψυχὰς ἀνθρώπων, slaves and human lives Rv 18:13 (cp. Ezk 27:13; on the syntax s. Mussies 98).

ⓖ In var. Semitic languages the reflexive relationship is paraphrased with נֶפֶשׁ (Gr.-Rom. parallels in W-S. §22, 18b note 33); the corresp. use of ψυχή may be detected in certain passages in our lit., esp. in quots. fr. the OT and in places where OT modes of expr. have had considerable influence (B-D-F §283, 4; W-S. §22, 18b; Mlt. 87; 105 n. 2; Rob. 689; KHuber, Untersuchungen über d. Sprachcharakter des griech. Lev., diss. Zürich 1916, 67), e.g. Mt 11:29; 26:38; Mk 10:45; 14:34; Lk 12:19; 14:26; J 10:24; 12:27; 2 Cor 1:23; 3J 2; Rv 18:14; 1 Cl 16:11 (Is 53:10); B 3:1, 3 (Is 58:3, 5); 4:2; 17:1. Cp. also 2 Cor 12:15; Hb 13:17; GJs 2:2; 13:2; 15:3 (on these last s. ταπεινόω 2b).

③ an entity w. personhood, person ext. of 2 by metonymy (cp. 1c): πᾶσα ψυχή everyone (Epict. 1, 28, 4; Lev 7:27; 23:29 al.) Ac 2:43; 3:23 (Lev 23:29); Ro 2:9; 13:1; Jd 15; 1 Cl 64; Hs 9, 18, 5.—Pl. persons, cp. our expression ‘number of souls’ (Pla. et al.; PTebt 56, 11 [II B.C.] σῶσαι ψυχὰς πολλάς; LXX) ψυχαὶ ὡσεὶ τρισχίλιαι Ac 2:41; cp. 7:14 (Ex 1:5); 27:37; 1 Pt 3:20.—This may also be the place for ἔξεστιν ψυχὴν σῶσαι ἢ ἀποκτεῖναι; is it permissible to rescue a person ( a human life is also poss.) or must we let the person die? Mk 3:4; Lk 6:9. Cp. 9:55 [56] v.l.—EHatch, Essays in Bibl. Gk. 1889, 112–24; ERohde, Psyche^9–10 1925; JBöhme, D. Seele u. das Ich im homer. Epos 1929; EBurton, Spirit, Soul and Flesh 1918; FRüsche, Blut, Leben u. Seele 1930; MLichtenstein, D. Wort nefeš in d. Bibel 1920; WStaples, The ‘Soul’ in the OT: JSL 44, 1928, 145–76; FBarth, La notion Paulinienne de ψυχή: RTP 44, 1911, 316–36; ChGuignebert, RHPR 9, 1929, 428–50; NSnaith, Life after Death: Int 1, ’47, 309–25; essays by OCullmann, HWolfson, WJaeger, HCadbury in Immortality and Resurrection, ed. KStendahl, ’65, 9–53; GDautzenberg, Sein Leben Bewahren ’66 (gospels); R Jewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 334–57; also lit. cited GMachemer, HSCP 95, ’93, 121, 13.—TJahn, Zum Wortfeld ‘Seele-Geist’ in der Sprache Homers (Zetemata 83) ’81.—B. 1087. New Docs 4, 38f (trichotomy). DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

- pracować fizycznie/umysłowo to do physical/intellectual work

- pracować zawodowo/zarobkowo to have a career/a paid job

- pracować społecznie to do voluntary work

- pracuję zawodowo od dwudziestu lat I’ve been working for twenty years

- pracować sezonowo/dorywczo to do seasonal work/odd jobs

- pracować jako tymczasowo zatrudniony to temp, to work as a temp

- nie mógł znaleźć stałej pracy, więc pracował dorywczo he couldn’t find a permanent job, so he was temping a. doing odd jobs

- pracować bez wytchnienia/ze wszystkich sił/od świtu do nocy to work without respite/as hard as one can/from dawn to dusk

- pracował w pocie czoła, aby wyżywić liczną rodzinę he worked his fingers to the bone to provide for his large family

- pracować jak wół to work like a Trojan

- pracować w godzinach nadliczbowych to work overtime

- pracować na akord/na dniówkę to be on piecework/be paid on a daily basis

- pracować na utrzymanie a. życie a. chleb to work for a living, to earn one’s living

- pracować na czyjeś utrzymanie a. na kogoś to work to support sb

- pracuję na samochód/nowe mieszkanie I’m working to get enough money to buy a car/a new flat

- bogate kraje długo pracowały na swój dobrobyt it took rich countries many years of hard work to become prosperous

- pracować dla kogoś/czegoś to work for sb/sth

- pracuję od lat dla ich firmy I’ve been working for their company for years

- pracować nad kimś to work on sb

- dużo pracował nad sobą, żeby wyćwiczyć pamięć he had to work hard to train his memory

- pracować nad czymś to work at a. on sth

- pisarz pracował nad nową książką the author was working on a new book

- komisja sejmowa pracuje nad ustawą budżetową/o ubezpieczeniach społecznych a parliamentary committee is working on the budget bill/the social insurance bill

- musisz pracować nad backhandem you must practise your backhand

- pracować jako nauczyciel/listonosz to work as a teacher/a postman

- pracować w fabryce/w szpitalu to work at a factory/hospital

- pracować w przemyśle/reklamie/ubezpieczeniach to work in industry/advertising/insurance

- pracować na budowie to work as a builder a. on a building site

- pracować etatowo/na pół etatu to have a full-time/part-time job

- pracować w systemie zmianowym to work shifts

- pracować na dziennej/nocnej zmianie to work days/nights

- pracować przy sortowaniu listów to have a job sorting letters

- pracować na komputerze/tokarce to work at the computer/lathe

- pracować zawodowo przy domowym terminalu to telecommute

- pracować głową to do intellectual work

- pracować piórem to live by the pen

- pracować łopatą to be a labourer

- kobieta pracująca a working woman

- pracujące matki working mothers

- dobrze mi się z nim pracuje I like working with him

- komisja pracuje z zespołem doradców the commission cooperates with a team of advisers

- pracować z młodzieżą to work with young people

- serce pracuje prawidłowo the heart is functioning normally

- podczas pływania pracują wszystkie mięśnie when you swim, all your muscles work

- jego umysł pracował sprawnie he was of sound mind

- poczta dzisiaj nie pracuje the post office is closed today

- sądy pracują opieszale the courts are slow in dealing with the business in hand

- szpitale pracują bez przerwy hospitals work non-stop

- sklepy pracują do dwudziestej shops stay open till 8 p.m.

- wytwórnia pracuje na eksport/na rynek wewnętrzny the plant manufactures for export/for the home market

- maszyna pracuje bez zarzutu the machine is running smoothly

- tylko dwa z czterech silników pracują only two of the four engines work a. are working

■ pracować pełną parą a. na pełnych obrotach to work a. be working at full stretch pot.

- pracować na zwolnionych obrotach to work a. be working at a slow pace

- pracować za dwóch a. trzech to work like nobody’s business pot., to do the work of two a. three (men) pot.

- czas pracuje dla niego a. na jego korzyść/przeciw niemu a. na jego niekorzyść time is on his side/against him

- głowa a. główka a. baśka pracuje! pot., żart. the old grey matter is working overtime żart.

- kto nie pracuje, ten nie je przysł. if you don’t work you shan’t eat przysł.

* * *

1. (= wykonywać pracę) work; pracować fizycznie do physical work; pracować umysłowo do nonmanual work; pracować zawodowo (jako...) work professionally (as a...); pracować naukowo do research; pracować dorywczo do odd jobs; pracować sezonowo work seasonally; pracować wydajnie work efficiently; pracować na akord do piece work; pracować na dniówkę work by the day; pracować na kawałek chleba l. na utrzymanie work for a living, earn one's living; pracować w pocie czoła sweat and slave; pracować jak mrówka work hard; pracować jak koń work like a horse; pracować jak dziki osioł work one's head off; pracuję na siebie I make my own living; pracuję dla tej firmy od dwóch lat I've been working for this company for two years; nad czym ostatnio pan pracuje? what have you been working on recently?; Marian pracuje nad sobą Marian is working on himself; czas pracuje na naszą niekorzyść time is against us.

2. (= być zatrudnionym) work, be employed; pracować w fabryce/w szkole work in a factory/school; pracuję jako nauczyciel I work as a teacher.

3. (= funkcjonować) work, function; serce pracuje prawidłowo the heart works l. functions properly; silnik pracował dotąd niezawodnie the engine has been functioning unfailingly so far; ta firma pracuje na eksport pot. this company produces export goods; linia produkcyjna pracuje pełną parą the production line operates at full blast; główka pracuje żart. ( o sobie) I have an idea! ( o kimś) ( z podziwem) that's a great idea!

4. techn. (o materiale, konstrukcji) (= ulegać odkształceniom) deform.

1 operation.

2 surgery, operation, surgical operation.

3 functioning, operation.

4 operation, driving.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) operation

2 FINANZAS transaction, deal

\

operación quirúrgica operation

* * *

1) operation

2) transaction

* * *

1) (=acción) operation

2) (Med) operation

3) (Mil) operation

4) (Com) transaction, deal

5) (Mat) operation

6) LAm (Min) operation, working, exploitation; (Com) management

7)

* * *

1)

a) (Mat) operation

b) (Med) operation

2) (Fin) transaction

3) ( misión) operation

•

- operación limpieza

- operación rastrillo

* * *

1)

a) (Mat) operation

b) (Med) operation

2) (Fin) transaction

3) ( misión) operation

•

- operación limpieza

- operación rastrillo

* * *

operación¹

¹ = operation, transaction, venture, operation.

operación²

² = surgery.

* * *

[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

A ( Mat) operation

B ( Med) operation

una operación del estómago a stomach operation

se sometió a una operación a corazón abierto he underwent open-heart surgery

una operación a vida o muerte a life-or-death operation

C ( Fin) (transacción) transaction

una operación bursátil/financiera a stock market/financial transaction o deal

operación de ingreso deposit

operación de reintegro withdrawal

D (tarea) operation

operación policial police operation

la operación de rescate the rescue operation

la operación mudanza será la próxima semana ( hum); the move is next week

clean up operation, clean up

toca operación limpieza ( hum); it's time to clean the house o ( colloq) for a blitz on the house

search operation

1 (en Esp) (the mass return by road to the cities from the seaside resorts after public holidays)

2 (en AmL) (the return of refugees or political exiles at the end of a period of repression)

( Col) go-slow

* * *

a) (Mat) operation

b) (Med) operation;

◊ una operación a corazón abierto open-heart surgery

c) (Fin) transaction

d) ( misión) operation;

◊ operación de rescate rescue operation

* * *

operación nf

1. [acción organizada] operation

operación de rescate rescue operation;

operación retorno = police operation to assist traffic at the end of popular holiday periods;

operación salida = police operation to assist traffic at the beginning of popular holiday periods;

operación de salvamento rescue operation

2. [quirúrgica] operation;

operación (quirúrgica) (surgical) operation;

una operación de corazón a heart operation;

una operación a corazón abierto open-heart surgery;

una operación a vida o muerte a life-or-death operation;

el paciente debe someterse a una operación the patient needs to have an operation;

le realizaron una operación de estómago he had a stomach operation;

tuvo que ser sometido a una operación de urgencia he had to undergo an emergency operation

3. [matemática] operation

4. [militar] operation;

operaciones conjuntas joint operations

5. Com, Fin transaction;

una operación bursátil a stock-market transaction;

una operación mercantil a commercial transaction;

una operación comercial a commercial transaction;

una operación de ingreso a deposit;

una operación de reintegro a withdrawal

* * *

f operation

* * *

operación nf, pl - ciones

1) : operation

2) : transaction, deal

* * *

operación n operation

- jego serce funkcjonuje normalnie his heart is functioning normally

- nie funkcjonowała klimatyzacja the air conditioning wasn’t functioning a. was out of order

- system funkcjonował bez zarzutu the system was functioning flawlessly

- jakoś można z tym funkcjonować you can live with it

- on nie jest w stanie samodzielnie funkcjonować he’s unable to manage on his own

- ja o tej porze już nie funkcjonuję żart. at this time of day I’m barely functional żart.

- dobrze funkcjonujące przedsiębiorstwo an efficient company

- funkcjonować jako coś to function as sth

- srebro funkcjonowało jako środek płatniczy silver functioned as a medium of exchange

- od lat funkcjonuje przeświadczenie, że… for years there’s been a prevailing notion that…

1. adv well

bene! good!

per bene properly

stare bene di salute be well

di vestito suit

ben ti sta! serves you right!

va bene! OK!

andare bene a qualcuno di abito fit someone

di orario, appuntamento suit someone

di bene in meglio better and better

sentirsi bene feel well

2. m good

fare bene alla salute be good for you

per il tuo bene for your own good

voler bene a qualcuno love someone

( amare) love someone

beni pl assets, property sg

beni pl di consumo consumer goods

beni pl culturali cultural heritage sg

beni pl immobili real estate sg

beni pl pubblici public property sg

* * *

bene s.m.

1 good: il bene e il male, good and evil; questo ti farà bene, this will do you good; augurare del bene a qlcu., to wish s.o. well; dire bene di qlcu., to speak well of s.o.; opere di bene, good works; fare del bene, to do good // a fin di bene, to a good purpose; lo ha fatto a fin di bene, he meant well // ogni ben di Dio, (fig.) all sorts of good things // per il tuo bene, ( per amor tuo) for your sake // Sommo Bene, ( Dio) Summum Bonum

2 (affetto, amore) fondness, affection: voler bene a qlcu., to be fond of s.o.; volersi bene, to be fond of each other (o of one another); le vuole un bene dell'anima, he loves her with all his heart

3 ( persona amata) beloved person, darling; (innamorato, innamorata) sweetheart: mio bene, (my) darling (o my sweetheart o my love)

4 ( vantaggio) sake, good; ( benessere) welfare: per il bene del popolo, for the welfare of the people; per il tuo bene, for your own good

5 ( dono) gift; blessing: la salute è il più grande dei beni, health is the greatest of blessings // ogni ben di Dio, all sorts of good things

6 (spec. pl.) goods (pl.), property, possession: persero i loro beni durante la guerra, they lost all their possessions during the war; avere dei beni al sole, to be a man of property // (comm.): beni all'estero, property abroad; beni pubblici, collective (o public) goods; beni reali, ( non monetari) real assets; beni strumentali, auxiliary capital (o industrial goods); beni superflui, superfluities; beni superiori, superior goods; beni di prestigio, positional goods; beni di prima necessità, necessaries; beni utilitari, utility goods; beni di rifugio, shelter goods; beni e servizi diversi, sundry goods and services; beni alternativi, succedanei, rival commodities; beni bloccati ( per ordine del tribunale), frozen assets; beni capitali, di produzione, capital goods; soggetti all'imposta di registro, goods that are liable to stamp duty; beni commerciabili internazionalmente, tradeables; beni complementari, complementary goods (o complements); beni di consumo, consumer goods (o consumables); beni di consumo deperibili, soft (o perishable) goods (o perishables); beni di consumo durevoli, consumer durable goods, durable (o hard) goods; beni di consumo non durevoli, non durables (o non durable goods); beni di consumo semidurevoli, semi-durable goods; beni di investimento, investment goods; beni di lusso, voluttuari, luxury goods (o luxuries); beni economici, goods; beni finali, final goods; beni fungibili, fungible (o replaceable) goods; beni immateriali, intangibles (o intangible assets o non-material goods) // (dir.): beni dotali, dowry; beni ereditari, estate hereditaments; beni demaniali, public domain; beni pignorabili, seizable chattels (o goods); beni impignorabili, privileged from execution goods; beni mobili, personal property (o movables o goods and chattels); beni mobili facenti parte dell'abitazione, household; beni immobili, real estate (o immovables o real assets); beni immateriali, incorporeal property (o intangible assets); beni rubati, stolen property.

bene avv.

1 (in modo giusto, correttamente) well; properly: parla molto bene l'inglese, he speaks English very well; comportarsi bene, to behave well; trattare bene qlcu., to treat s.o. well; una persona bene educata, a well-mannered person; una cosa ben fatta, something well done; se ben ricordo, se ricordo bene, if I remember well // sa fare molto beneil suo lavoro, he's a good worker // non sta bene, it's not nice (o it isn't polite) // hai fatto bene, you did the right thing // sono persone per bene, they're respectable people // lo hanno sistemato per bene, (iron.) they made a fine mess of him

2 ( completamente) properly; thoroughly: hai chiuso bene la porta?, have you closed the door properly?; non hai inserito bene la spina, you haven't plugged it in properly; ricordati di lavare bene l'insalata, remember to wash the lettuce thoroughly // mi hai sentito bene?, did you hear what I said?

3 (in modo conveniente, piacevole): avete mangiato bene?, did you have a good meal?; guadagnare bene, to make a lot of money (o to earn good money); quella persona veste molto bene, that person dresses very well // stare bene ( di salute) to be well (o in good health); (di abito ecc.) to fit, to suit: ''Come stai?'' ''Abbastanza bene'', ''How are you?'' ''Quite well''; questa giacca non mi sta bene this jacket doesn't suit me // star bene a soldi, to be well off // ti sta bene (o ben ti sta), it serves you right // mi è andata bene, I made it // bene o male, somehow (or other) // di bene in meglio, better and better // né bene né male, so-so

4 ( con valore rafforzativo): è ben difficile che arrivi in orario, he's very unlikely to be on time // saremo ben lieti se..., we'll be delighted if...; era ben lontano dal pensare che..., he was far from thinking that...; ''Pensi che accetterà?'' ''Lo spero bene'', ''Do you think he'll agree?'' ''I hope so''; vorrei ben vedere..., I'd like to see...; lo credo bene!, I should think so!; abbiamo ben cento pagine di storia da studiare, we've got a good hundred pages of history to study; ho pagato ben 4 milioni di spese condominali, I spent a good 4 million on condominium expenses; si tratta di ben altro, it's quite a different matter // ben bene, well, properly: copritelo ben bene, fa molto freddo, wrap him up well, it's bitterly cold; l'abbiamo sgridato ben bene, we gave him a good telling off

5 ( in espressioni esclamative): bene, continua così!, good, keep it up!; ma bene, è questo il modo di comportarsi?, come along, that's no way to behave!

6 ( con valore conclusivo): bene, ora possiamo incominciare, well then, now we can begin; bene, non parliamone più, well, let's say no more about it

◆ agg. ( di alto livello sociale) upper-class: la società, la gente bene, upper-class society, the upper classes // frequenta i locali bene della città, he goes to all the best places in town.

* * *

1. avv

1) (gen) well, (funzionare) properly, well

2)

3) (molto: + aggettivo) very, (+ comparativo, avverbio) (very) much

4)

5) (addirittura, non meno di) at least

6)

7)

2. agg inv

3. sm

1) good

2)

- beni ambientali

- beni di consumo

- beni culturali

- beni rifugio

- beni immobili

- beni mobili

- beni patrimoniali

- beni privati

- beni pubblici

* * *

1) (in modo giusto, corretto, soddisfacente) [trattare, comportarsi, esprimersi, ballare, scegliere] well; [ funzionare] properly; [compilare, interpretare] correctly

2) (completamente) [lavare, mescolare] thoroughly; [riempire, asciugare] completely; [leggere, ascoltare, guardare] carefully

3) (piacevolmente, gradevolmente) [dormire, mangiare] well; [ vestire] well, smartly; [ vivere] comfortably

4) (in buona salute)

5) (con valore rafforzativo)

6) (con uso pleonastico)

7) di bene in meglio better and better

8) per bene perbene

aggettivo invariabile

interiezione good, fine

••

sostantivo maschile

1) (ciò che è buono)

2) (beneficio, vantaggio)

3) (interesse, benessere, felicità)

4) gener. pl.

5) (sentimento)

•

••

* * *

/'bεne/

I avverbio

 1 (in modo giusto, corretto, soddisfacente) [trattare, comportarsi, esprimersi, ballare, scegliere] well; [ funzionare] properly; [compilare, interpretare] correctly; andare bene [festa, operazione, affari] to go well; la macchina non va bene the machine is not functioning properly; un lavoro ben pagato a well-paid job; bene o male somehow; parla bene spagnolo he speaks good Spanish; non parlava molto bene l'inglese she didn't speak much English; non ci sente bene he doesn't hear well; se ben ricordo if I remember correctly o right; andare bene a scuola to do well at school; andare bene in matematica to be good at maths; faremmo bene ad andare we'd better be going; hai fatto bene a dirmelo you did well o right to tell me; non sta bene fare it's not done to do, it is bad form o manners to do; va tutto bene that's all very well, that's all well and good; va tutto bene? is everything all right? are you OK? gli è andata bene che it was just as well for him that; domenica (ti) va bene? does Sunday suit you? is Sunday OK?

 2 (completamente) [lavare, mescolare] thoroughly; [riempire, asciugare] completely; [leggere, ascoltare, guardare] carefully

 3 (piacevolmente, gradevolmente) [ dormire, mangiare] well; [ vestire] well, smartly; [ vivere] comfortably; una casa ben arredata a well-decorated o well-appointed house; andare o stare bene insieme [ colori, mobile] to go together, to be a good match; quel cappello ti sta bene you look good in that hat; stare bene con qcn. to get along well o to be well in colloq. with sb.

 4 (in buona salute) star bene [ persona] to feel all right; "come stai?"- "abbastanza bene" "how are you?" - "pretty well"

 5 (con valore rafforzativo) si tratta di ben altro that's quite another matter; ben più di 200 well over 200; ben 10.000 persone as many as 10,000 people; ben volentieri with great pleasure; ben sveglio wide awake

 6 (con uso pleonastico) lo credo bene! I can well o quite believe it! come ben sai... as you know full well..., as you well know...

 7 di bene in meglio better and better

 8 per bene →  perbene

II aggettivo invariabile

  la gente bene high society, the upper classes; i quartieri bene the posh neighbourhoods

III interiezione

 good, fine; bene! Vediamo il resto good! Let's see the rest; bene, bravo! well done! excellent! ma bene! iron. ah, that's fine! va bene! OK! fair enough!

IDIOMS

ben detto! neatly put! well said! ti sta bene! ben ti sta! it serves you right! non mi sta bene I don't agree; tutto è bene quel che finisce bene prov. all's well that ends well.

————————

/'bεne/

sostantivo m.

 1 (ciò che è buono) il bene e il male good and evil, right and wrong; opere di bene charitable acts; non è bene fare (cosa opportuna) it is not nice to do

 2 (beneficio, vantaggio) è un bene che tu sia venuto it's a good thing you came

 3 (interesse, benessere, felicità) il bene comune, pubblico the common good; per il bene di for the good of; fare del bene a qcn. to do sb. good; fare bene a to be good for [persona, salute, pelle]

 4 gener. pl. -i (proprietà) possessions, belongings, property, goods; (patrimonio) assets; comunione dei -i community of goods

 5 (sentimento) volersi bene to love (each other); voler bene a qcn. to love sb.

IDIOMS

avere ogni ben di Dio to live like fighting cocks

\

COMPOUNDS

- i di consumo consumer o expendable goods; - i durevoli durables; - i immobili real estate; - i di lusso luxury goods; - i mobili content, movables; - i personali personal property; - i di prima necessità essential goods, necessaries.

1. Person: work; (berufstätig sein) auch be in work; geistig / körperlich arbeiten do mental / phsyical work; arbeiten als Gärtner etc. work as a gardener etc.; arbeiten an be working on; arbeiten bei oder für (angestellt sein) work for; für oder gegen Geld arbeiten work for money; arbeiten für / gegen (sich einsetzen) work for / against; arbeiten für zwei do the work of two; im Akkord arbeiten do piece work; die Zeit arbeitet für / gegen uns fig. we’ve got time on our side / against us; arbeiten mit einem Werkzeug, Material: work with; einer Firma: deal with, do business with; arbeiten über (+ Akk) (schreiben) work ( oder write) on; arbeiten wie ein Pferd / Wilder umg. work like a Trojan / like mad

2. (funktionieren) work; Organ auch: function; Maschine etc. auch: operate, run

3. Holz etc.: expand and contract; Teig: rise; Wein etc.: work

4. WIRTS. Kapital etc.: work ( mit Gewinn at a profit); sein Geld arbeiten lassen invest

5. SPORT: (trainieren) train (an + Dat oder mit on oder with); arbeiten mit einem Pferd, Hund (dressieren) train

6. an sich (Dat) arbeiten (work to) improve o.s.; sie hat den Erfolg verdient - sie hat hart an sich gearbeitet she deserves every success - she worked hard to achieve it; man sah, wie es in ihm arbeitete you could almost see it churning around inside him

1. (sich mühen): sich durch den Schnee / einen Roman arbeiten work ( oder plough, Am. plow) one’s way through the snow / a novel; sich durch den Schlamm arbeiten labo(u)r (oder umg. slog) through the mud; sich nach oben oder an die Spitze arbeiten work one’s way up to the top; er wird sich da nicht krank arbeiten he won’t overdo himself; sich müde / krank etc. arbeiten work until one is tired / ill, work o.s. into the ground; sich zu Tode oder tot arbeiten work o.s to death / ruin o.s.

2. unpers.: hier / mit dir arbeitet es sich schlecht it’s difficult to work here / with you

1. (anfertigen) make, fashion; eine Statue in oder aus Bronze arbeiten make ( oder work) a statue in bronze; das Kleid ist sorgfältig gearbeitet the dress is beautifully made ( oder finished)

2. (tun) do; was arbeitet er? what is he doing?; höchste Zeit, dass du mal was arbeitest! it’s high time for you to get to work ( oder do something oder do some work)!

3. sich (Dat) die Hände wund / den Buckel krumm arbeiten umg. work one’s hands raw / work o.s. into the ground

* * *

working

* * *

1. vi

1) (= sich betätigen) to work (

2) (= funktionieren) (Organ, Maschine) to function, to work

3) (= berufstätig sein) to work

4) (= in Bewegung sein) to work; (Most etc) to ferment; (Holz) to warp

2. vr

1)

2) (= sich fortbewegen) to work oneself (

3) impers

3. vt

1) (= herstellen) to make

2) (= tun) to do

* * *

1) (to be employed to do hard and unskilled work: He spends the summer labouring on a building site.) labour

2) (to act or work: The sewing-machine isn't operating properly.) operate

3) (to (cause to) make efforts in order to achieve or make something: She works at the factory three days a week; He works his employees very hard; I've been working on/at a new project.) work

4) (to be employed: Are you working just now?) work

5) (to make by craftsmanship: The ornaments had been worked in gold.) work

* * *

I. vi

1. (tätig sein) to work

stör mich nicht, ich arbeite gerade! don't disturb me, I'm working!

▪ an etw dat \arbeiten to be working on sth

Helene arbeitet an der Fertigstellung ihres Erstromans Helen is working on the completion of her first novel

▪ über jdn/etw \arbeiten to work on sb/sth

er arbeitet über Goethe he's working on Goethe

für zwei \arbeiten (fam) to do the work of two [people]

2. (berufstätig sein)

▪ [bei jdm/für jdn/an etw dat] \arbeiten to work [for sb/on sth]

\arbeiten gehen to have a job

3. TECH (funktionieren) to work

▪ [mit etw dat] \arbeiten to operate [on sth]

das System arbeitet vollautomatisch the system is fully automatic

unsere Heizung arbeitet mit Gas our heating operates [or runs] on gas

alle Systeme \arbeiten nach Vorschrift all systems are working according to regulations

4. MED (funktionieren) to function

Ihre Leber arbeitet nicht mehr richtig your liver is not functioning properly anymore

5. (sich bewegen) Holz, Balken to warp

6. (gären) Hefe, Most etc. to ferment

7. impers (sich innerlich mit etw beschäftigen) to work

▪ in jdm arbeitet es sb is reacting

man sah, wie es in ihm arbeitete you could see his mind working

lass mich nachdenken, in meinem Kopf arbeitet es jetzt! let me think, my mind is starting to work!

8. MODE (schneidern)

bei jdm \arbeiten lassen to have sth made somewhere/by sb

Ihr Anzug sitzt ja ganz ausgezeichnet! wo/bei wem lassen Sie \arbeiten? your suit fits wonderfully! where do you have your clothes made [or who makes your clothes for you]?

II. vr

1. (gelangen)

▪ sich akk irgendwohin \arbeiten to work one's way somewhere

die Bergarbeiter arbeiteten sich weiter nach unten the miners worked their way further down

sich akk [langsam] nach oben [o an die Spitze] \arbeiten to work one's way [slowly] to the top

2. (durchdringen)

▪ sich akk [durch etw akk] [durch] \arbeiten to work oneself [through sth]

der Bohrer musste sich durch das Gestein \arbeiten the drill had to work through the stonework

3. (bewältigen)

▪ sich akk durch etw akk \arbeiten to work one's way through sth

es wird Wochen brauchen, bis ich mich durch all die Aktenberge gearbeitet habe it will take me weeks to work my way through the stacks of papers

4. impers (zusammenarbeiten)

▪ es lässt sich [mit jdm] arbeiten there's co-operation [with sb]

es arbeitet sich gut/schlecht mit jdm you can/can't work well with sb

mit willigen Mitarbeitern arbeitet es sich besser als mit störrischen it's better to work with willing colleagues than with stubborn ones; (umgehen) to work

es arbeitet sich gut/schlecht auf etw dat/mit etw dat you can/can't work well on sth/with sth

mit dem alten Computer arbeitet es sich nicht so gut you can't work as well on the old computer

5. (sich in einen Zustand arbeiten)

sich akk halb tot \arbeiten to work oneself to death

sich akk krank \arbeiten to work till one drops

sich akk müde \arbeiten to tire oneself out with work, to work oneself silly; s.a. Tod

III. vt

1. (herstellen) to make

▪ etw [aus etw dat] \arbeiten to make sth [from sth]

von Hand \arbeiten to make sth by hand

der Schmuck ist ganz aus 18-karätigem Gold gearbeitet the jewellery is made entirely from 18-carat gold

2. (tun)

▪ etwas/nichts \arbeiten to do sth/nothing

ich habe heute noch nichts gearbeitet I haven't managed to do anything yet today

* * *

1) work

2) (funktionieren) <heart, lungs, etc.> work, function; < machine> work, operate

3) (sich verändern) < wood> warp; < must> ferment; < dough> rise

1) (herstellen) make; (in Ton, Silber, usw.) work; make; fashion

2) (tun) do

1)

2) (Strecke zurücklegen)

3) unpers

* * *

A. v/i

1. Person: work; (berufstätig sein) auch be in work;

geistig/körperlich arbeiten do mental/phsyical work;

arbeiten als Gärtner etc work as a gardener etc;

arbeiten an be working on;

arbeiten bei oder

für (angestellt sein) work for;

für oder

gegen Geld arbeiten work for money;

arbeiten für/gegen (sich einsetzen) work for/against;

arbeiten für zwei do the work of two;

im Akkord arbeiten do piece work;

die Zeit arbeitet für/gegen uns fig we’ve got time on our side/against us;

arbeiten mit einem Werkzeug, Material: work with; einer Firma: deal with, do business with;

arbeiten über (+akk) (schreiben) work ( oder write) on;

arbeiten wie ein Pferd/Wilder umg work like a Trojan/like mad

2. (funktionieren) work; Organ auch: function; Maschine etc auch: operate, run

3. Holz etc: expand and contract; Teig: rise; Wein etc: work

4. WIRTSCH Kapital etc: work (

mit Gewinn at a profit);

sein Geld

arbeiten lassen invest

5. SPORT: (trainieren) train (

an +dat oder

mit on oder with);

arbeiten mit einem Pferd, Hund (dressieren) train

6.

an sich (dat)

arbeiten (work to) improve o.s.;

sie hat den Erfolg verdient - sie hat hart an sich gearbeitet she deserves every success - she worked hard to achieve it;

man sah, wie es in ihm arbeitete you could almost see it churning around inside him

B. v/r

1. (sich mühen):

sich durch den Schnee/einen Roman arbeiten work ( oder plough, US plow) one’s way through the snow/a novel;

sich durch den Schlamm arbeiten labo(u)r (oder umg slog) through the mud;

sich nach oben oder

an die Spitze arbeiten work one’s way up to the top;

sich müde arbeiten work until one is tired, work o.s. into the ground;

sich zu Tode arbeiten work o.s to death/ruin o.s.

2. unpers:

hier/mit dir arbeitet es sich schlecht it’s difficult to work here/with you

C. v/t

1. (anfertigen) make, fashion;

eine Statue in oder

aus Bronze arbeiten make ( oder work) a statue in bronze;

das Kleid ist sorgfältig gearbeitet the dress is beautifully made ( oder finished)

2. (tun) do;

was arbeitet er? what is he doing?;

höchste Zeit, dass du mal was arbeitest! it’s high time for you to get to work ( oder do something oder do some work)!

3.

sich (dat)

die Hände wund arbeiten umg work one’s hands raw

* * *

1) work

2) (funktionieren) <heart, lungs, etc.> work, function; < machine> work, operate

3) (sich verändern) < wood> warp; < must> ferment; < dough> rise

1) (herstellen) make; (in Ton, Silber, usw.) work; make; fashion

2) (tun) do

1)

2) (Strecke zurücklegen)

3) unpers

* * *

to act v.

to work v.

ἵστημι (Hom.+, ins, pap [Mayser 353]; LXX [Thackeray 247f]; pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog. exc. Ar.) and also ἱστάνω (since I B.C. SIG 1104, 26 ἱστανόμενος; pap [Mayser, loc. cit., with ἀνθιστάνω documented here as early as III B.C.]; Epict. 3, 12, 2; LXX [Ezk 17:14; Thackeray, loc. cit.]; later wr. in Psaltes 236) Ro 3:31; Hs 8, 1, 10 (s. Whittaker on 8, 1, 8; s. B-D-F §93; Mlt-H. 202). Fut. στήσω; 1 aor. ἔστησα; 2 aor. ἔστην, impv. στῆθι, inf. στῆναι, ptc. στάς; pf. ἕστηκα ( I stand), ptc. ἑστηκώς, ός and ἑστώς En 12:3; JosAs 7:2; J 12:29,-ῶσα J 8:9 v.l., neut. ἑστώς Rv 14:1 v.l. (s. B-D-F §96; W-S. §14, 5; Mlt-H. 222) and ἑστός, inf. always ἑστάναι; plpf. εἱστήκειν ( I stood) or ἱστήκειν GPt 2:3, third pl. εἱστήκεισαν Mt 12:46; J 18:18; Ac 9:7; Rv 7:11 (W-H. spell it ἱστ. everywhere); ἑστάκαμεν w. act. mng. 1 Macc 11:34; fut. mid. στήσομαι Rv 18:15. Pass.: 1 fut. σταθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐστάθην (PEg² 65). S. στήκω. Trans.: A. Intr.: B, C, D.

A. trans. (pres., impf., fut., 1 aor. act.; s. B-D-F §97, 1; Mlt-H. 241) gener. ‘put, place, set’.

① to cause to be in a place or position, set, place, bring, allow to come τινά someone, lit. ἐν τῷ συνεδρίῳ Ac 5:27. εἰς αὐτούς before them 22:30. ἐκ δεξιῶν τινος at someone’s right (hand) Mt 25:33. ἐν μέσῳ in the midst, among 18:2; Mk 9:36; J 8:3. ἐνώπιόν τινος before someone Ac 6:6. Also κατενώπιόν τινος Jd 24. ἐπί τι upon someth. Mt 4:5; Lk 4:9. παρά τινι beside someone 9:47.

② to propose someone for an obligation, put forward, propose, lit. (e.g. Just., A I, 60, 3 Μωυσέα … τύπον σταυροῦ … στῆσαι ἐπὶ τῇ ἁγίᾳ σκηνῇ) τινά for a certain purpose: the candidates for election to the apostleship Ac 1:23. μάρτυρας ψευδεῖς 6:13 (cp. Mel., P. 93, 700 ψευδομάρτυρες).

③ to set up or put into force, establish, fig. ext. of 1 (cp. Gen 26:3 τὸν ὅρκον; Ex 6:4) τὴν ἰδίαν δικαιοσύνην Ro 10:3. τὸ δεύτερον (opp. ἀναιρεῖν τὸ πρῶτον, a ref. to sacrificial system) Hb 10:9.—Of legal enforcement κύριε, μὴ στήσῃς αὐτοῖς ταύτην τ. ἁμαρτίαν Lord, do not hold this sin against them Ac 7:60 (contrast ἀφίημι 1 Macc 13:38f; 15:5; Stephen’s expression=ἄφες Lk 23:34; s. Beginn. IV, ad loc.).

④ to validate someth. that is in force or in practice, reinforce validity of, uphold, maintain, validate τὶ someth. fig. ext. of 1 (1 Macc 2:27 τὴν διαθήκην) τὴν παράδοσιν ὑμῶν validate or maintain your own tradition Mk 7:9. νόμον ἱστάνομεν we uphold (the) law Ro 3:31 (s. καταργέω 2).

⑤ to cause to be steadfast, make someone stand δυνατεῖ ὁ κύριος στῆσαι αὐτόν Ro 14:4.

⑥ to specify contractually

ⓐ set/fix a time a period of time ἡμέραν (s. ἡμέρα 3a) Ac 17:31.

ⓑ determine a monetary amount οἱ δὲ ἔστησαν αὐτῷ τριάκοντα ἀργύρια Mt 26:15 (=Zech 11:12 ἔστησαν τὸν μισθόν μου τριάκοντα ἀργύρους), presents a special problem for interpreters because of the author’s theological and narrative interests, which prompt him to connect an allusion here to Zech 11:12 in anticipation of a fulfillment statement at Mt 27:9f, which in haggadic fashion draws on Zech 11:13 in the longer form of the Mt and Jer 32 (Mt 39):7–9 (s. JDoeve, Jewish Hermeneutics in the Synoptic Gospels and Acts, ’54, 185–87). Jer 39:9 and Zech 11:12 use the verb ἱ. in the sense weigh out on scales (Hom.; X., Cyr. 8, 2, 21, Mem. 1, 1, 9 al.; GDI p. 870, ⁿ49 A [Ephesus VI B.C.] 40 minas ἐστάθησαν; Is 46:6; Jer 39:9; 2 Esdr 8:25), and some (e.g. BWeiss, HHoltzmann, JWeiss; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 227f; Field, Notes 19f) interpret Mt 26:15 in this sense. Of course Mt’s readers would know that coinage of their time was not ‘weighed out’ and would understand ἱ. in the sense of striking a bargain (ἵστημι=set a price, make an offer, close a bargain: Herodas 7, 68 pair of shoes; BGU 1116, 8 [I B.C.]; 912, 25 [I A.D.]; PRainer 206, 10 [II A.D.] κεφάλαιον), they set out (=offered, allowed) for him (=paid him) 30 silver coins (Wlh., OHoltzmann, Schniewind), but the more sophisticated among them would readily recognize the obsolete mng. Ac 7:60 is sometimes interpreted in a related sense, but the absence of a direct object of amount paid suggests that the pass. is better placed in 3 above.

B. intr., aor. and fut. forms

① to desist from movement and be in a stationary position, stand still, stop (Hom., Aristot.; Philostrat., Ep. 36, 2 ὁ ποταμὸς στήσεται; TestSol 7:3 οὕτως ἔστη ἡ αὔρα) Lk 24:17. στὰς ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐφώνησεν αὐτούς Mt 20:32.—Mk 10:49; Lk 7:14; 17:12; 18:40. στῆναι τὸ ἅρμα Ac 8:38. ἀπὸ μακρόθεν ἔστησαν Rv 18:17; cp. vs. 15. ἔστησαν ἐν τῷ τόπῳ τοῦ σπηλαίου GJs 19:2. ἔστη ἐπὶ τόπου πεδινοῦ he took his stand on a level place Lk 6:17. Of a star ἐστάθη ἐπάνω οὗ ἦν τὸ παιδίον Mt 2:9; also ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ παιδίου GJs 21:3. Of a flow of blood come to an end ἔστη ἡ ῥύσις τ. αἵματος Lk 8:44 (cp. Ex 4:25 [though HKosmala, Vetus Test. 12, ’62, 28 renders it as an emphatic εἶναι] Heraclid. Pont., Fgm. 49 W.; POxy 1088, 21 [I A.D.]; Cyranides p. 117 note γυναικὶ … αἷμα ἵστημι παραχρῆμα). στῆθι stand Js 2:3. ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ ἔστη ἄνω his hand remained (motionless) upraised GJs 18:3 (not pap).

② to come up in the presence of others, come up, stand, appear ἔμπροσθέν τινος before someone Mt 27:11; Lk 21:36. Also ἐνώπιόν τινος Ac 10:30; GJs 11:2 (κατενώπιον TestSol 22:13; Just., D. 127, 3) or ἐπί τινος: σταθήσεσθε you will have to appear Mt 10:18 v.l.; Mk 13:9; ἐπί τοῦ παλατίου AcPl Ha 9, 20. στῆθι εἰς τὸ μέσον Lk 6:8; cp. vs. 8b; J 20:19, 26 (Vi. Aesopi I c. 6 p. 243, 15 Αἴσωπος στὰς εἰς τὸ μέσον ἀνέκραξεν). Also ἐν μέσῳ Lk 24:36; Ac 17:22; Ox 1 verso, 11 (s. Unknown Sayings, 69–71). ἔστη εἰς τὸ κριτήριον she stood before the court GJs 15:2. Cp. J 21:4; Rv 12:18; Lk 7:38. Step up or stand to say someth. or make a speech Lk 18:11. Cp. 19:8; Ac 2:14; 5:20; 11:13 al. ἔστησαν … προσδοκῶντες τὸν Ζαχαρίαν they stood waiting for Z. GJs 24:1. Pract. in the sense of the pf. δυνάμενοι … ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ στῆναι (the cult images) which could not remain standing AcPl Ha 1, 20 (cp. ἵστατο δένδρον κυπάρισσος TestAbr A 3 p. 79, 17 [Stone p. 6]; ὁ τόπος ἐν ᾧ ἱστάμεθα GrBar 6:13).

③ to stand up against, resist, w. πρὸς and acc. offer resistance (Thu. 5, 104) Eph 6:11; abs. resist (Ex 14:13) vs. 13. (Cp. the term στάσις in the sense of ‘rebellion’.)

④ stand firm so as to remain stable, stand firm, hold one’s ground (Ps 35:13) in battle (X., An. 1, 10, 1) Eph 6:14. σταθήσεται will stand firm Ro 14:4a. τίς δύναται σταθῆναι; Rv 6:17. εἰς ἣν στῆτε stand fast in it (Goodsp., Probs. 198) 1 Pt:12. Of house, city, or kingdom Mt 12:25f; Mk 3:24f; Lk 11:18. Cp. Mk 3:26. The OT expr. (Dt 19:15) ἵνα ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων ἢ τριῶν σταθῇ πᾶν ῥῆμα Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1.

⑤ come to a standing position, stand up ἐπὶ τοὺς πόδας on one’s feet (Ezk 2:1) Ac 26:16; Rv 11:11. Abs. Ac 3:8.

C. intr., perf. and plupf.

① to be in a standing position, I stand, I stood of bodily position, e.g. of a speaker J 7:37; Ac 5:25, of hearers J 12:29 or spectators Mt 27:47; Lk 23:35; Ac 1:11, of accusers Lk 23:10. Cp. J 18:5, 16, 18ab, 25; 19:25; Ac 16:9 al.

② to be at a place, stand (there), be (there), w. the emphasis less on ‘standing’ than on ‘being, existing’.

ⓐ position indicated by adv. of place ἔξω Mt 12:46f; Lk 8:20; 13:25. μακρόθεν Lk 18:13. ἀπὸ μακρόθεν at a distance 23:49; Rv 18:10. ἐκεῖ Mk 11:5. ὅπου 13:14. ὧδε Mt 16:28; 20:6b. αὐτοῦ Lk 9:27; ἀπέναντι AcPl Ha 3, 30.

ⓑ w. place indicated by a prep. ἐκ δεξιῶν τινος at the right (hand) of someone or someth. Lk 1:11; Ac 7:55f (HOwen, NTS 1, ’54/55, 224–26). ἐν αὐτοῖς among them Ac 24:21; w. ἐν and dat. of place Mt 20:3; 24:15; J 11:56; Rv 19:17. ἐν μέσῳ J 8:9 v.l. μέσος ὑμῶν 1:26 (v.l. στήκει). ἐπί w. gen. (X., Cyr. 3, 3, 66; Apollodorus [II B.C.]: 244 Fgm. 209 Jac. ἐπὶ τ. θύρας) Ac 5:23; 21:40; 24:20; 25:10; Rv 10:5, 8; AcPl Ha 7, 37; w. dat. Ac 7:33; w. acc. Mt 13:2; Rv 3:20; 7:1; 14:1; 15:2; GJs 5:2 (ἕστηκας codd., ἔστης pap). παρά w. acc. of place Lk 5:1f. πέραν τῆς θαλάσσης J 6:22. πρό w. gen. of place Ac 12:14. πρός w. dat. of place J 20:11. σύν τινι Ac 4:14. μετά τινος AcPl Ha 11, 3. κύκλῳ τινός around someth. Rv 7:11. W. ἐνώπιον (functioning as prep.) ἐνώπιόν τινος Rv 7:9; 11:4; 12:4; 20:12.

ⓒ abs. (Epict. 4, 1, 88 ἑστῶσα of the citadel, simply standing there; Tat. 26, 2 παρατρέχοντας μὲν ὑμᾶς, ἑστῶτα δὲ τὸν αἰῶνα) Mt 26:73; J 1:35; 3:29; 20:14; Ac 22:25. τὰ πρόβατα εἱστήκει the sheep stood still GJs 18:2 (not pap). The verb standing alone in the sense stand around idle (Eur., Iph. Aul. 861; Aristoph., Av. 206, Eccl. 852; Herodas 4, 44) Mt 20:6a. ἀργός can be added (Aristoph., Eccl. 879f, Pax 256 ἕστηκας ἀργός) vs. 6a v.l., 6b (w. the question cp. Eubulus Com., Fgm. 15, 1 K. τί ἕστηκας ἐν πύλαις; Herodas 5, 40). W. modifying words (Pla., Phdr. 275d ἕστηκε ὡς ζῶντα τὰ ἔκγονα) εἱστήκεισαν ἐνεοί they stood there speechless Ac 9:7. ὡς ἐσφαγμένον Rv 5:6. cp. Ac 26:6. εἱστήκει ἀπεκδεχόμενος AcPl Ant 13, 22 (=Aa I, 237, 5).

③ to stand in attendance on someone, attend upon, be the servant of Rv 8:2 (RCharles, Rv ICC vol. 1, p. 225).

④ stand firm in belief, stand firm of personal commitment in gener. (opp. πεσεῖν), fig. ext. of 1, 1 Cor 10:12; 2 Cl 2:6. τ. πίστει ἕστηκας you stand firm because of your faith Ro 11:20; cp. 2 Cor 1:24. ὸ̔ς ἕστηκεν ἐν τ. καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ ἑδραῖος one who stands firm in his heart 1 Cor 7:37. ὁ θεμέλιος ἕστηκεν the foundation stands (unshaken) 2 Ti 2:19 (Stob. 4, 41, 60 [vol. V, p. 945]: Apelles, when he was asked why he represented Tyche [Fortune] in a sitting position, answered οὐχ ἕστηκεν γάρ=because she can’t stand, i.e. has no stability; Hierocles 11, 441 ἑστῶτος τοῦ νόμου=since the law stands firm [unchanged]; Procop. Soph., Ep. 47 μηδὲν ἑστηκὸς κ. ἀκίνητον; 75).

⑤ to be in a condition or state, stand or be in someth., fig. ext. of 1; grace (Hierocles 12, 446 ἐν ἀρετῇ) Ro 5:2; within the scope of the gospel 1 Cor 15:1; in truth J 8:44.

D. intr., pres. mid. to have a beginning, begin, calendaric expression (as old as Hom.) μὴν ἱστάμενος the month just beginning (oft. ins) MPol 21—B. 835. DELG. M-M. TW.

1. to become unfit for sth., cease working or functioning productively in one's capacity

X вышел в тираж — X was (ready to be) put out to pasture

2. obs

X вышел в тираж = X left this world

• ВЫХОДИТЬ/ВЫЙТИ В ТИРАЖ

[VP; subj: human]

=====

1. to become unfit for sth., cease working or functioning productively in one's capacity:

- X вышел в тираж≈ X was (ready to be) put out to pasture;

- X was < became> a back number;

- X lost his usefulness;

- X became dead wood.

     ♦ "Хелло, Арси, - бормотал в трубке старый развратник, - похоже на то, что мы с тобой ещё не вышли в тираж". - "Поздравляю, - сухо сказал Арсений Николаевич. - На меня твои успехи совершенно не распространяются" (Аксёнов 7). "Hello, Arsy," came the voice of the old reprobate through the receiver. "Looks like we don't have to be put out to pasture yet, the two of us." "Congratulations," said Arseny Nikolaevich curtly, "but your prowess has nothing to do with me" (7a).

     ♦ Радуясь за неё [ дочь], он в глубине души ревновал её к Николаю, постепенно заместившему отца в сердце дочери: "В тираж выходишь, Лашков, скоро совсем никому не будешь нужен" (Максимов 3). He was glad for her [his daughter], but deep down he felt jealous of Nikolai, who had gradually replaced her father in his daughter's heart. "You're a back number, Lashkov. Soon nobody will want you" (3a).

     ♦ Лучников обнимал за зябкие плечики Лору Лерову, одну из тех увядающих "букетиков", что украшали недавний праздник "Курьера". Десяток лет назад - звезда Москвы, манекенщица Министерства лёгкой промышленности, поочерёдная любовница дюжины гениев, сейчас явно выходила в тираж (Аксёнов 7). [context transl] Luchnikov had his arm around the unprotected shoulders of Lora Lerova, one of the fading nosegays who had adorned the Courier brunch. Ten or twelve years ago-the toast of Moscow, star model for the Ministry of Light Industry, mistress of a dozen geniuses; now-Miss Passee (7a).

2. obs [usu. pfv]

⇒ to die:

- X вышел в тираж≈ X left this world;

- X passed away <on>.

• ВЫХОДИТЬ/ВЫЙТИ В ТИРАЖ

[VP; subj: human]

=====

1. to become unfit for sth., cease working or functioning productively in one's capacity:

- X вышел в тираж≈ X was (ready to be) put out to pasture;

- X was < became> a back number;

- X lost his usefulness;

- X became dead wood.

     ♦ "Хелло, Арси, - бормотал в трубке старый развратник, - похоже на то, что мы с тобой ещё не вышли в тираж". - "Поздравляю, - сухо сказал Арсений Николаевич. - На меня твои успехи совершенно не распространяются" (Аксёнов 7). "Hello, Arsy," came the voice of the old reprobate through the receiver. "Looks like we don't have to be put out to pasture yet, the two of us." "Congratulations," said Arseny Nikolaevich curtly, "but your prowess has nothing to do with me" (7a).

     ♦ Радуясь за неё [ дочь], он в глубине души ревновал её к Николаю, постепенно заместившему отца в сердце дочери: "В тираж выходишь, Лашков, скоро совсем никому не будешь нужен" (Максимов 3). He was glad for her [his daughter], but deep down he felt jealous of Nikolai, who had gradually replaced her father in his daughter's heart. "You're a back number, Lashkov. Soon nobody will want you" (3a).

     ♦ Лучников обнимал за зябкие плечики Лору Лерову, одну из тех увядающих "букетиков", что украшали недавний праздник "Курьера". Десяток лет назад - звезда Москвы, манекенщица Министерства лёгкой промышленности, поочерёдная любовница дюжины гениев, сейчас явно выходила в тираж (Аксёнов 7). [context transl] Luchnikov had his arm around the unprotected shoulders of Lora Lerova, one of the fading nosegays who had adorned the Courier brunch. Ten or twelve years ago-the toast of Moscow, star model for the Ministry of Light Industry, mistress of a dozen geniuses; now-Miss Passee (7a).

2. obs [usu. pfv]

⇒ to die:

- X вышел в тираж≈ X left this world;

- X passed away <on>.